The Swiss Confederation is a landlocked Alpine country, which situated in Central Europe. Switzerland is surrounded by Germany to the north, France to the west, Italy to the south, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland has a very strong economy. It achieves high peek of finance as well as banking. Moreover Switzerland is a confederation and has a long and strong tradition of political and military neutrality. So Switzerland can get different international co-operations and Organizations.
A male living in this country is a called Schweizer and a female is called a Schweizerin in Swiss German, in Swiss French a male is called Swisse and a female is called suissesse and in Swiss Italian, a male is called Svizzerro and a female is called Svizzera.
Switzerland's official Latin name is "Confoederatio Helvetica, which means Helvetic Confederation."

Switzerland is a federation of autonomous states.
According to popular legend in 1291, the three forest states of Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden's representatives signed the Federal Charter. The charter united the involve parties in the struggle against the power of the Habsburgs. Habsburgs were defeated on Nevember 15, 1315 of the Battle of Morgarten by the Swiss.
During 1353, the three original cantons had been merged by the cantons of Glans and Zug. The city-states of Lucerne, Zurich and Berne establishing the "Old Federation" of eight states. The traditional listing order of the cantons of Switzerland reflects the "Old Federation", listing the eight "Old Cantons" first, with the city-states preceding the founding cantons, followed by cantons that jointed the federation after 1481.
In 1506, Pope Julius II employed the Swiss Guard that continues to serve the Vatican. In 1515 Swiss defeated in the Battle of Marignano. Moreover, during 1529 and 1531, some inter-cantonal wars had been occurred. Due to the conflict between Catholic and Protestant cantons, the battles of Villmegrgen had been occurred.
Under the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, European countries recognized Switz European countries recognized Switzerland's independence from the Holy Roman Empire and its neutrality. In 1798 the armies of the French Revolution conquered Switzerland and formed a new unified constitution. The new regime was called the Helvetica Republic.
Switzerland invaded in the war, which occurred between France and other. The Swiss were divided into two parts, first is "Republicans" who were in favor of a centralized government and the second part is "Federalists", who wanted to restore autonomy to the cantons. The war was endless, between both sides.
In Paris in 1803, Napoleon Bonaparte organized a meeting of the leading Swiss politicians. The result was the Act of Mediation, which largely restored Swiss autonomy and introduced a Confederation of 19 Cantons. From then on much of Swiss politics would be about preserving the Cantons' right to self-rule and the need for a central government. The Congress of Vienna in 1815 fully re-established Swiss independence and the European powers agreed to permanently recognize the Swiss neutrality.
A civil war broke out in 1847. As a consequence of the civil war, Switzerland adopted the use of referenda and a federal constitution in 1848, amending the latter extensively in 1874. In 1891, the constitution was revised strong elements of direct democracy. Since then continued political, economic and social improvement has characterized, in Switzerland. In 1920, Switzerland joined the league of Nations and in 1963 the Council of Europe. Switzerland did not involved in First World War, as well as in Second World War. The massive mobilization of Swiss aimed forces under the leadership of General Henri Guising is often cited as a decisive factor that the German invasion was never initiated.
Under the 1999 constitution, cantons hold all powers. The 46 members of the council of States are directly elected in each canton, which the 200 members of the National Council are elected directly under a system of proportional representation. Members have serve for years. Citizens can challenge any law through referenda. Federal Council is the top executive body and collective Head of State, which include seven members. From 1959 to December 2003, the four major parties were represented in the Federal Council according to the "Magic Formula". Proportional to their representation in federal parliament: 2 Christian Democrats (CVP/PDC), 2 from the social Democrats (SPS/PSS), 2 free Democrats (FDP/PRD) and 1 from the Swiss people's party (SVP/VDC).
Direct Democracy: -
Switzerland has a very different significant system of government, which is called direct democracy. Referenda on the most important laws have been used since the 1848 constitution. Any citizen can challenge any low, which passed by parliament. If he can gather 50,000 signatures against the law within 100 days, a national vote has to be scheduled where voters decide by a simple majority whether to accept or reject the law. Any citizen can also seek a decision on an amendenent they want to make to the constitution. He must collect signatures of 1,00,000 voters must be collected within 18 months.
Energy Politics: -
The energy generated in Switzerland comprises around 40 percent nuclear power and 60 percent from hydroelectricity.

Switzerland is prosperous and stable modern market economy. For much of the 20th century, Switzerland was the wealthiest country in Europe by a considerable margin. Since 1990s, Switzerland has suffered from slow growth. Switzerland is a member of the European Free Trade Association.
In recent years, the Swiss have brought their economic practices largely into conformity with those of the European Union, in a effort to enhance their international competitiveness, but this has not produced strong growth. Full EU membership is a long-term objective of the Swiss government, but there is considerable popular sentiment against this. To this end, it has formed an Integration Office under the Department of Foreign and Economic Affairs. To minimize the negative consequences of Switzerland's isolation from the rest of Europe, Bern and Brussels signed seven agreements, called bilateral agreements, to further liberalize trade ties. Bilateral agreements were signed in 1999 and effected from 2001. This first series of these agreements included the free movement of persons. A second series covering nine areas moreover it also includes the Schengen treaty and the Dublin Convention. They continue to discuss farther areas for cooperation. Preparatory discussions are being opened on four new areas: -
Opening up the electricity market, participation in the European GPs system Galileo, cooperation with the European enter for disease prevention and recognizing certificates of origin for food products. Switzerland also developed its relationships with the European Union and European countries through bilateral agreements.
GDP: - According to the 2003 estimate, total GDP is about $233 billion and its per capita GDP is about $30,186.
Currency: - Switzerland's currency is Swiss franc.

Population: - According to 2000 estimate, the total population of Switzerland was about 72,88,010, while according to the 2003 estimate, its total population was 73,99,100. So its population density is about 181 persons per sq. km.
Religion: - Switzerland has no countrywide state religion. Most of the state financially support to the Roman Catholic Church, the old Catholic Church or the Swiss Reformed Church.

Switzerland has three official languages like German (64%), French (19%) and Italian (8%). German is mostly spoken in the northern as well as central Switzerland, French is spoken in western Switzerland and Italian is mostly spoken in southern Switzerland. Moreover Romansh (Romance) is a forth language of Switzerland, which is spoken locally by a small minority in the southeastern state of Graubunden. In the federal parliament, German, French and Italian are the official languages. The German spoken in Switzerland by Swiss German, but written communication and broadcasts typically use standard German Swiss French and Swiss Italian are little different than their counterparts in France and Italy, respectively Learning one of the other national languages at school is compulsory for all Swiss, so most Swiss are bilingual. English is known as a Swiss lingua franca and most of Swiss people have some command over English.