The official name of Monaco is the Principality of Monaco. It is a constitutional monarchy as well as city state, which located in Western Europe along the French Riviera between the Mediterranean Sea and France. Monaco is the world's second smallest independent country after Vatican City. Moreover, it is the most densely populated country in the world. It's another specialist is that, it has very high per capita than any other country in the world.

Monaco first gained its name from the nearby Phocaean Greek colony of Marseille. The meaning of Monaco is, "single house", which bears the sence of a people either settled in a single habitation" or of "living apart" from others.

Monaco first gained its name from the nearby Phocaean Greek colony of Marseille in the 6th century. Following land grant from Emperor Henry VI in 1191. In 1228, Monaco was re-established as a colony of Genoa. The House of Grimaldi has ruled Monaco since 1297, when Francois Grimaldi and his men captured the fortress protecting the famous Rock of Monaco.

Monaco was under French control since from 1793 to 1814. The Congress of Vienna Considered Monaco as a protectorate of the Kingdom of Sardinia from 1815 to 1860, when the Treaty of Turin way signed. At that time there was unrest in the towns of Manton and Roqucbrune, which declared independence. This unrest continued until the ruling prince, gave up his claim to the two towns to France in return for 4 million francs. This transfer and Monaco's sovereignty was called the Framco- Monegosque Treaty of 1861. Since from 1861 to 1911, the princes of Monaco ruled. In July 1918, a treaty was signed, which is providing limited French protection to Monaco. This treaty was a part of the Treaty of Versailles.

In 1949, Prince Louis II died so his grandson Rainier III ruled over Monaco. A new constitution proclaimed in 1962, which provided women's suffrage and formed a supreme court to guarantee fundamental liberties. In 1993, Monaco became a member of United Nations. In 2002, a new treaty was singed between France and Monaco, which clarifies that if there were no heirs to carry on the dynasty, the Principality would remain an independent nation rather than revert to France.

Due to illness, of Prince Rainier III, his son Prince Albert, Marquis of Baux became the ruler of Monaco. On 6th of April 2005, Prince Rainier died and his son succeeded as Albert II of Monaco. Prince Albert II of Monaco formally became the ruler of Monaco on 12th July 2005. His accession to the throne was a two-step event with another ceremony drawing heads of state for an elaborate ceremony held on 19th November 2005.

French is the only official language of Monaco. But Italian, English and two local languages, Monegasque and Occitan are also widely spoken.