The Republic of Moldova is a landlocked country, which situated in southeastern Europe. Moreover, it is situated between Romania to the west and Ukraine to the east. Today Moldova includes a huge part of the eastern half of the principality of Moldavia. In the middle Ages, the principality extended from the Dniester River in the east to the Carpathian Mountains in the west. The eastern half territory of Moldavia, which situated between the part and Dniester Rivers, was called Bessarabia. In 1812, Russia conquered this territory of Bessarabia.

In 1918 Bessarabia became independent and then united with Romania. Troops of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics occupied Bessarabia in 1940. The Soviet government joined most of Bessarabia to part of the already existing Moldovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR), across the Dniester River, to form the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR) during 1945 to 1991, and after the face of the USSR in 1991, the independent country of Moldova. It declared its independence on 27th of August 1991, Chisinan is the capital and largest city of Moldova. Moldova's official name is Republic of Moldova. Its official state language is Moldovan. Moldova is a parliamentary democracy. The head of government is the Prime Minister.

In ancient times, Dacians were lived in Moldova. Moldavian history is witnessed o f many invasions compassing those of the Kievan Rus and the Mongols. During the middle ages the territory of Moldova established the eastern part of the principality of Moldavia. The principality became tributary to the Ottoman Empire during 16th century. Moldavian territory was divided in 1812, when the Ottoman Empire took control of all of the land west of the Prut River and Russia took control at the rest. The Russian government gave the name Bessarabia to the territory under its control. While the western part at Moldavia, remained an autonomous principality and united with Walaehia to form the Old Kingdom of Romania in 1859.

Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, Bessarabia proclaimed independence from Russia in 1918 and United with the Kingdom of Romania that year. But in 1940, Bessarabia faced the invasion of the Soviet Union, in an agreement with Germany. In 1941, troops of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) occupied Bessarabia. Soviet government joined most of Bescarabia to part of the already existing Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR) across the Dniester River to establish the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR).

After the Soviet Union Occupied the region of Bessarabia during World War II the Soviets began a campaign to create a Moldavian ethnic identity different from the one of the Romanians, who were called to be "Capitalist Oppressors". When the USSR collapsed in 1991, the republic became the independent country or Moldova. In August 1991, Moldova declared its independence and in December of that year became a member of the past Soviet Common wealth of Independent States along with most of the former Soviet Republics. In 1994, Moldova became formal member of the CIS, moreover that year the republic adopted its first post - Soviet constitution.

A March 1994 referendum saw an overwhelming majority of voters favoring continued independence. In the 2001 elections a Pro-Russian communist party won majority of seats in the Parliament and appointed a Communist President, Vladimir Voronin. Vladimir Voronin re-elected in the election of 2005.

The Romanian has affected the culture of Moldova. Moldova has a rich folk culture, which flourished during the Soviet period. The Soviet government strongly promoted Moldavian folk music and dance, but it also introduced some distortions to hide the folk traditions Romanian origins.

lei per US dollar - 12.6 (2005), 12.33 (2004), 13.945 (2003), 13.571 (2002), 12.865 (2001)

Moldova has good favorable climate and rich soil. So Moldova's economy is agricultural economy, which featuring mainly fruits, vegetables, Moldavian wine and tobacco. Moldova has no major mineral deposits, so it has to import minerals such as petroleum, coal and natural gas from Russia. As part of an ambitious economic liberalization effort, Moldova introduced a convertible currency, freed all prices freed interest rates, stopped issuing credits to state enterprises, backed steady land privatization removed export controls. The government did agreements with the World Bank and the IMF to promote growth. The economy achieved growth of 2.1% in 2000 and 6.1% in 2001.

After the financial crisis in 1998, Moldova has made significant progress towards achieving macroeconomic and financial stabilization. It took many structural and institutional steps to get improvement. These steps helped maintain macroeconomic and financial stability under difficult circumstances. Moreover due to these steps, the country succeeded to develop economic growth. In spite of these efforts Moldova still backward in living standards and human development. Although the economy achieved an increment in economic growth year by year, such as in 2000, economic growth was 2.1%, in 2001 economic growth was 6.1%, in 2002, it was about 7.8%, in 2003 it was 6.3%. Moreover, it was expected by 8% in 2004.

Moldavian is the official state language of Moldova; it is similar to Romanian, a Romance language derived mainly from the Latin language. In 1938, the Soviet government ordered that the people had to use Cyrillic alphabet in place of the Latin alphabet. In 1989, Moldavian officials passed a law that made Romanian the official language and reintroduced the Latin alphabet. In 1994, the constitution accepted the language, which was called Moldavian. Moreover Russian is also spoken in Moldova, which is mostly spoken in the Trans Dniester region. The Gagauz people speak mostly Gagauz language, which is a Turkic language. Russian missionaries invented a Cyrillic alphabet for the Gagauz language in 1895.